Sudipa Sarkar
Ageing is the inevitable natural process of life which leads one to grow with time with advancing age and mortality. The perception of ageing varies individually – for someone, it is the general age with which one identifies, for the others, the perception of age comes relatively lately. As people grow older, they experience numerous structural and functional changes both at physiological as well as psychological level, which influence significantly in the later developmental phases of their life. Few people experience the unpleasant effect of discrimination and prejudice because of their age. Ageism indicates to any event in which individuals are negatively judged not by their behaviour, personality or action but by their age. They are inaccurately portrayed as weak or inflexible. Hence, ageism implies a prejudice among the given society against the older individuals. According to Traxler (1980), ageism can be defined as any attitude or action which governs an individual or group of individuals and their roles in the society purely on the basis of their biological age. However, some older adults may not be physically or mental able and need more care, there are number of elderly people who may not be included in stereotype of helpless, mindless or passionless individuals.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Word count for the original article: 4085 words
Reference List
Ray, S. & Sharp, E (2006. Ageism, Policy Unit, Age Concern England, Prof Dominic Abrams, Centre for the Study of Group Processes, University of Kent.Dilley, R (2003). Ageism Hits Generation X, BBC News Online
Aronson, B. S. (1966). Personality stereotypes of aging. Journal of Gerontology, 21, 458-462.
Austin, D. R. (1985). Attitudes toward old age: A hierarchical study. The Gerontologist, 25, 431-434.
Baggett, S. & Dickinson, K. (1978, November). Attitudinal consequences of older adult volunteers in the public school setting. Paper presented at the 31st Annual Scientific Meeting of the Gerontological Society, Dallas.
Beere, C. A. (1979). Women and women's issues: A handbook of tests and measures. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Beeson, D. (1975). Women in studies of aging: A critique and suggestion. Social Problems, 23, 52-59.
Bell, J. (1992). In search of a discourse on aging: The elderly on television. The Gerontologist, 32, 305-311.
Bishop, J. M. & Krause, D. R. (1984). Depictions of aging and old age on Saturday morning television. The Gerontologist, 24, 91-94.
Block, M. R., Davidson, J. L., & Grambs, J. D. (1981). Women over forty: Visions and Realities. New York: Springer.
Brown, J. K. (1985). In her prime. Massachusetts: Bergin & Garvey.
Brubaker, T. H. & Powers, E. A. (1976). The stereotype of "old": A review and alternative approach. Journal of Gerontology, 31, 441-447.
Busse, I. W. (1968). Viewpoint: Prejudice and gerontology. The Gerontologist, 8, 66.
Butler, R. N. (1969). Age-ism: Another form of bigotry. The Gerontologist, 9, 243-246.
Butler, R. N. & Lewis, M. I. (1977). Aging and mental health. St. Louis: C. V. Mosby.
Crockett, W. H., & Hummert, M. L. (1987). Perceptions of aging and the elderly. In K. W. Schaie (Ed.), Annual Review of Gerontology and Geriatrics (Vol. 7, pp. 217-242). New York: Springer.
Davies, L. J. (1977). Attitudes toward aging as shown by humor. The Gerontologist, 17, 220-226.
Dye, C. J. (1978). Psychologists' role in the provision of mental health care the elderly. Professional Psychologist, 9, 38-49.
Elliott, J. (1984). The daytime television drama portrayal of older adults. The Gerontologist, 24, 628-633.
Fillmer, H. T. (1982). Sex stereotyping of elderly by children. Educational Gerontology, 8, 77-85.
Gerbner, G., Gross, L., Signorielli, N., & Morgan, M. (1980). Aging with television: Images in television drama and conceptions of social reality. Journal of Communication, 30, 37-47.
Golde, P. & Kogan, N. (1958). A sentence completion procedure for assessing attitudes toward old people. Journal of Gerontology, 14, 355-363.
Green, S.K. (1981). Attitudes and perceptions about the elderly: Current and future Perspectives. Aging and Human Development, 13, 95-115.
Gutmann, D. (1985). The cross-cultural perspective: Notes toward a comparative psychology of aging. In R. H. Binstock & E. Shanas (Eds.) Handbook of Aging and the Social Sciences (2nd ed.). New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
Hultsch, D. F. & Deutsch, F. (1981). Adult development and aging: A life-span perspective. New York: McGraw Hill.
Kastenbaum, R. (1973, April). On death and dying: Should we have mixed feelings about our ambivalence toward the aged? Paper presented at an interdisciplinary meeting of the Boston Society of Gerontologic Psychiatry, Boston.
Kastenbaum, R. (1978). Exit existence: Society's unwritten script for old age and death. In D. D. Van Tassel (Ed.) Aging, death, and the completion of being. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Kastenbaum, R. & Durkee, N. (1964a). Elderly people view old age. In R. Kastenbaum (Ed.) New thoughts on old age. New York: Springer.
Kastenbaum, R. & Durkee, N. (1964b). Young people view old age. In R. Kastenbaum (Ed.) New thoughts on old age. New York: Springer.
Kilty, K. M. & Feld, A. (1976). Attitudes toward aging and toward the needs of older people. Journal of Gerontology, 31, 586-594.
Kimmel, D. C. (1988). Ageism, psychology, and public policy. American Psychologist, 43, 175-178.
Kite, M. E., & Johnson, B. T. (1988). Attitudes toward older and younger adults: A meta-analysis. Psychology and Aging, 3, 232-244.
Kogan, N. (1979). Beliefs, attitudes, and stereotypes about old people: A new look at some old issues. Research on Aging, 1, 11-36.
Kuypers, J. A. & Bengtson, V. L. (1973). Social breakdown and competence: A model of normal aging. Human Development, 16, 181-201.
Larson, R. (1978). Thirty years of research on the subjective well-being of older Americans. Journal of Gerontology, 33, 109-125.
Lowenthal, M. F., Thurnher,, M., & Chiriboga, D. (1975). Four stages of life: A comparative study of women and men facing transition. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Mangen, D. J. & Peterson, W. A. (1982). Research instruments in social gerontology. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Martel, M. V. (1968). Age-sex roles in American magazine fiction (1830-1955). In B. Neugarten (Ed.) Middle age and aging. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
McTavish, D. G. (1971). Perceptions of old people: A review of research methodologies and findings. The Gerontologist, 11, 90-101.
Miller, R. B. & Dodder, R. A. (1980). A revision of Palmore's Facts on Aging Quiz. The Gerontologist, 20, 673-679.
Mitchell, J., Wilson, K., Revicki, D., & Parker, L. (1985). Children's perceptions of aging: A multidimensional approach to differences by age, sex, and race. The Gerontologist, 25, 182-187.
Northcott, H. C. (1975). Too young, too old - Age in the world of television The Gerontologist, 15, 184-186.
Nuessel, F. H. (1982). The language of ageism. The Gerontologist, 22, 273-276.
Palmore, E. (1971). Attitudes toward aging as shown through humor. The Gerontologist, 11, 181-186.
Palmore, E. (1977). Facts on aging: A short quiz. The Gerontologist, 17, 315-320.
Passuth, P. M. & Cook, F. L. (1985). Effects of television viewing on knowledge and attitudes about older adults: A critical reexamination. The Gerontologist, 25, 68-77.
Payne, B. P. & Whittington, F. (1976). Older women - Examination of popular stereotypes and research evidence. Social Problems, 23, 488-504.
Petersen, M. (1973). The visibility and image of old people on television. Journalism Quarterly, 50, 568-573.
Ramsdell, M. L. (1973). The trauma of TV's troubled soap families. Family Coordinator, 22, 299-304.
Ray, D. C., McKinney, K. A., & Ford, C. V. (1987). Differences in psychologist's ratings of older and younger clients. The Gerontologist, 27, 82-86.
Riley, M. & Foner, A. (1968). Aging and society, Vol. I. An inventory of research findings. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
Rosencranz, H. A. & McNevin, T. E. (1968). A factor analysis of attitudes toward the aged. The Gerontologist, 8, 55-58.
Rosenkrantz, P., Vogel, S., Bee, H., Broverman, I., & Broverman, D. M. (1968). Sex-role stereotypes and self-concepts in college students. Journal of Clinical and Consulting Psychology, 32, 287-285.
Ross, M., Tait, R., Brandeberry, L., Grossberg, G., & Nakra, R. (1986). Age differences in emotional and physical health. Poster presentation, Midwest Psychological Association, Chicago.
Schaie, K. W. (1988). Ageism in psychological research. American Psychologist, 43, 179-183.
Schmidt, D. F. & Boland, S. M. (1986). Structure of perceptions of older adults: Evidence for multiple stereotypes. Psychology and Aging, 1, 255-260.
Schonfield, D. (1982). Who is stereotyping whom and why? The Gerontologist, 22, 267-272.
Silverman, M. (1977). The old man as women: Detecting stereotypes of aged men with a femininity scale. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 44, 336-338.
Slater, P. E. (1964). Cross-cultural views of the aged. In R. Kastenbaum (Ed.) New thoughts on old age. New York: Springer.
Swenson, C. F. (1983). A respectable old age. American Psychologist, 38, 327-333.
Thomas, E. C. & Yamamoto, K. (1975). Attitudes toward age: An exploration in school-age children. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 6, 117-129.
Tibbits, C. (1979). Can we invalidate negative stereotypes in aging? The Gerontologist, 19, 10-20.
Traxler, A. J. (1980). Let's get gerontologized: Developing a sensitivity to aging. the multi-purpose senior center concept: A training manual for practitioners working with the aging. Springfield, IL: Illinois Department of Aging.
Tuckman, J. & Lavell, M. (1957). Self-classification as old or not old. Geriatrics, 12, 666-671.
Tuckman, J. & Lorge, I. (1953). Attitudes toward old people. Journal of Social Psychology, 37, 249-260.
U.S. Bureau of Census (1983). America in transition: An aging society. Current Population Reports, Series P-23, No. 128. Washington, DC: Government Printing House.
Weinberger, L. E. (1979). Stereotyping of the elderly: Elementary school children's responses. Research of Aging, 1, 113-136.
Weinberger, L. E. & Millham, J. (1975). A multi-dimensional, multiple method analysis of attitudes toward the elderly. Journal of Gerontology, 30, 343-348.
Wilensky, H. & Barmack, J. (1966). Interests of doctoral students in clinical psychology in work with older people. Journal of Gerontology, 21, 410-414.
Wilson, J. F. & Hafferty, F. W. (1983). Long-term effects of a seminar on aging and health for first-year medical students. The Gerontologist, 23, 319-324.
Aronson, B. S. (1966). Personality stereotypes of aging. Journal of Gerontology, 21, 458-462.
Austin, D. R. (1985). Attitudes toward old age: A hierarchical study. The Gerontologist, 25, 431-434.
Baggett, S. & Dickinson, K. (1978, November). Attitudinal consequences of older adult volunteers in the public school setting. Paper presented at the 31st Annual Scientific Meeting of the Gerontological Society, Dallas.
Beere, C. A. (1979). Women and women's issues: A handbook of tests and measures. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Beeson, D. (1975). Women in studies of aging: A critique and suggestion. Social Problems, 23, 52-59.
Bell, J. (1992). In search of a discourse on aging: The elderly on television. The Gerontologist, 32, 305-311.
Bishop, J. M. & Krause, D. R. (1984). Depictions of aging and old age on Saturday morning television. The Gerontologist, 24, 91-94.
Block, M. R., Davidson, J. L., & Grambs, J. D. (1981). Women over forty: Visions and Realities. New York: Springer.
Brown, J. K. (1985). In her prime. Massachusetts: Bergin & Garvey.
Brubaker, T. H. & Powers, E. A. (1976). The stereotype of "old": A review and alternative approach. Journal of Gerontology, 31, 441-447.
Busse, I. W. (1968). Viewpoint: Prejudice and gerontology. The Gerontologist, 8, 66.
Butler, R. N. (1969). Age-ism: Another form of bigotry. The Gerontologist, 9, 243-246.
Butler, R. N. & Lewis, M. I. (1977). Aging and mental health. St. Louis: C. V. Mosby.
Crockett, W. H., & Hummert, M. L. (1987). Perceptions of aging and the elderly. In K. W. Schaie (Ed.), Annual Review of Gerontology and Geriatrics (Vol. 7, pp. 217-242). New York: Springer.
Davies, L. J. (1977). Attitudes toward aging as shown by humor. The Gerontologist, 17, 220-226.
Dye, C. J. (1978). Psychologists' role in the provision of mental health care the elderly. Professional Psychologist, 9, 38-49.
Elliott, J. (1984). The daytime television drama portrayal of older adults. The Gerontologist, 24, 628-633.
Fillmer, H. T. (1982). Sex stereotyping of elderly by children. Educational Gerontology, 8, 77-85.
Gerbner, G., Gross, L., Signorielli, N., & Morgan, M. (1980). Aging with television: Images in television drama and conceptions of social reality. Journal of Communication, 30, 37-47.
Golde, P. & Kogan, N. (1958). A sentence completion procedure for assessing attitudes toward old people. Journal of Gerontology, 14, 355-363.
Green, S.K. (1981). Attitudes and perceptions about the elderly: Current and future Perspectives. Aging and Human Development, 13, 95-115.
Gutmann, D. (1985). The cross-cultural perspective: Notes toward a comparative psychology of aging. In R. H. Binstock & E. Shanas (Eds.) Handbook of Aging and the Social Sciences (2nd ed.). New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
Hultsch, D. F. & Deutsch, F. (1981). Adult development and aging: A life-span perspective. New York: McGraw Hill.
Kastenbaum, R. (1973, April). On death and dying: Should we have mixed feelings about our ambivalence toward the aged? Paper presented at an interdisciplinary meeting of the Boston Society of Gerontologic Psychiatry, Boston.
Kastenbaum, R. (1978). Exit existence: Society's unwritten script for old age and death. In D. D. Van Tassel (Ed.) Aging, death, and the completion of being. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Kastenbaum, R. & Durkee, N. (1964a). Elderly people view old age. In R. Kastenbaum (Ed.) New thoughts on old age. New York: Springer.
Kastenbaum, R. & Durkee, N. (1964b). Young people view old age. In R. Kastenbaum (Ed.) New thoughts on old age. New York: Springer.
Kilty, K. M. & Feld, A. (1976). Attitudes toward aging and toward the needs of older people. Journal of Gerontology, 31, 586-594.
Kimmel, D. C. (1988). Ageism, psychology, and public policy. American Psychologist, 43, 175-178.
Kite, M. E., & Johnson, B. T. (1988). Attitudes toward older and younger adults: A meta-analysis. Psychology and Aging, 3, 232-244.
Kogan, N. (1979). Beliefs, attitudes, and stereotypes about old people: A new look at some old issues. Research on Aging, 1, 11-36.
Kuypers, J. A. & Bengtson, V. L. (1973). Social breakdown and competence: A model of normal aging. Human Development, 16, 181-201.
Larson, R. (1978). Thirty years of research on the subjective well-being of older Americans. Journal of Gerontology, 33, 109-125.
Lowenthal, M. F., Thurnher,, M., & Chiriboga, D. (1975). Four stages of life: A comparative study of women and men facing transition. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Mangen, D. J. & Peterson, W. A. (1982). Research instruments in social gerontology. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Martel, M. V. (1968). Age-sex roles in American magazine fiction (1830-1955). In B. Neugarten (Ed.) Middle age and aging. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
McTavish, D. G. (1971). Perceptions of old people: A review of research methodologies and findings. The Gerontologist, 11, 90-101.
Miller, R. B. & Dodder, R. A. (1980). A revision of Palmore's Facts on Aging Quiz. The Gerontologist, 20, 673-679.
Mitchell, J., Wilson, K., Revicki, D., & Parker, L. (1985). Children's perceptions of aging: A multidimensional approach to differences by age, sex, and race. The Gerontologist, 25, 182-187.
Northcott, H. C. (1975). Too young, too old - Age in the world of television The Gerontologist, 15, 184-186.
Nuessel, F. H. (1982). The language of ageism. The Gerontologist, 22, 273-276.
Palmore, E. (1971). Attitudes toward aging as shown through humor. The Gerontologist, 11, 181-186.
Palmore, E. (1977). Facts on aging: A short quiz. The Gerontologist, 17, 315-320.
Passuth, P. M. & Cook, F. L. (1985). Effects of television viewing on knowledge and attitudes about older adults: A critical reexamination. The Gerontologist, 25, 68-77.
Payne, B. P. & Whittington, F. (1976). Older women - Examination of popular stereotypes and research evidence. Social Problems, 23, 488-504.
Petersen, M. (1973). The visibility and image of old people on television. Journalism Quarterly, 50, 568-573.
Ramsdell, M. L. (1973). The trauma of TV's troubled soap families. Family Coordinator, 22, 299-304.
Ray, D. C., McKinney, K. A., & Ford, C. V. (1987). Differences in psychologist's ratings of older and younger clients. The Gerontologist, 27, 82-86.
Riley, M. & Foner, A. (1968). Aging and society, Vol. I. An inventory of research findings. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
Rosencranz, H. A. & McNevin, T. E. (1968). A factor analysis of attitudes toward the aged. The Gerontologist, 8, 55-58.
Rosenkrantz, P., Vogel, S., Bee, H., Broverman, I., & Broverman, D. M. (1968). Sex-role stereotypes and self-concepts in college students. Journal of Clinical and Consulting Psychology, 32, 287-285.
Ross, M., Tait, R., Brandeberry, L., Grossberg, G., & Nakra, R. (1986). Age differences in emotional and physical health. Poster presentation, Midwest Psychological Association, Chicago.
Schaie, K. W. (1988). Ageism in psychological research. American Psychologist, 43, 179-183.
Schmidt, D. F. & Boland, S. M. (1986). Structure of perceptions of older adults: Evidence for multiple stereotypes. Psychology and Aging, 1, 255-260.
Schonfield, D. (1982). Who is stereotyping whom and why? The Gerontologist, 22, 267-272.
Silverman, M. (1977). The old man as women: Detecting stereotypes of aged men with a femininity scale. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 44, 336-338.
Slater, P. E. (1964). Cross-cultural views of the aged. In R. Kastenbaum (Ed.) New thoughts on old age. New York: Springer.
Swenson, C. F. (1983). A respectable old age. American Psychologist, 38, 327-333.
Thomas, E. C. & Yamamoto, K. (1975). Attitudes toward age: An exploration in school-age children. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 6, 117-129.
Tibbits, C. (1979). Can we invalidate negative stereotypes in aging? The Gerontologist, 19, 10-20.
Traxler, A. J. (1980). Let's get gerontologized: Developing a sensitivity to aging. the multi-purpose senior center concept: A training manual for practitioners working with the aging. Springfield, IL: Illinois Department of Aging.
Tuckman, J. & Lavell, M. (1957). Self-classification as old or not old. Geriatrics, 12, 666-671.
Tuckman, J. & Lorge, I. (1953). Attitudes toward old people. Journal of Social Psychology, 37, 249-260.
U.S. Bureau of Census (1983). America in transition: An aging society. Current Population Reports, Series P-23, No. 128. Washington, DC: Government Printing House.
Weinberger, L. E. (1979). Stereotyping of the elderly: Elementary school children's responses. Research of Aging, 1, 113-136.
Weinberger, L. E. & Millham, J. (1975). A multi-dimensional, multiple method analysis of attitudes toward the elderly. Journal of Gerontology, 30, 343-348.
Wilensky, H. & Barmack, J. (1966). Interests of doctoral students in clinical psychology in work with older people. Journal of Gerontology, 21, 410-414.
Wilson, J. F. & Hafferty, F. W. (1983). Long-term effects of a seminar on aging and health for first-year medical students. The Gerontologist, 23, 319-324.
No comments:
Post a Comment