Cultural Analysis of Infant Feeding Decision in US

I. History of Infant Feeding in U.S

The last century is a significant time period to define the dramatic changing pattern affecting the prevalence in breastfeeding decision in U.S. Starting from the onset of twentieth century it decreased to a significant level almost two thirds of the century and then again it rose to a certain level. Prior to twentieth century, more than 66% of mothers were engaged in breastfeeding practices with their babies, whereas the rate fell down to its lowest point during 1972 when only 22 women among 100 were actually engaged into breastfeeding. But the scenario got changed radically from 1975 when the breastfeeding rate began to increase once again and the trend continues throughout following decades with a considerable statistical changing ratio such as 60 among 100 mothers took interest and actually engaged in breastfeeding practices (Wright. 2001).

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Word count for the original article: 5071 words

Reference

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Criminal Profile: Francisco Del Junco

Francisco Del Junco (38), a serial killer in Miami, was charged with the murder of four African-American crack addict women – Vida Hicks (43), Diane Helms (44), Cheryl Lee Ray (37) and Janice Cox (37). On June 3, 1996, Francisco Del Junco, a dishwasher in Dan Marino's American Sports Bar & Grill in the Tony Coconut Grove area of Miami, acknowledged the charge of killing and setting on fire those four women. The incidence happened in between August 1995 to March 1996. All of those victims had been murdered brutally beaten, burned and partially unclothed within or nearby Miami city.

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Word count for the original article: 498 words

Reference
http://www.crimelibrary.com/serial_killers/notorious/index.html
http://www.nbc6.net/news/2112229/detail.html
http://72.14.253.104/search?q=cache:b5iVEUmNa6AJ:www.3dca.flcourts.org/3d03-1822.pdf+Francisco+Del+Junco&hl=en&gl=in&ct=clnk&cd=10
http://www.mayhem.net/Crime/serial4.html
http://www.crimezzz.net/serialkillers/J/JUNCO_francisco_del.php
http://www.all-about-forensic-psychology.com/fbi-profiler.html

Central Nervous Systems and Associated Infections

Sudipa Sarkar



The Nervous System is characterized by the complex network of neurons that are responsible for all bodily functions both at conscious as well as unconscious level. This nervous system is divided into two portions – the Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS). As its name implies it is central to our system – the most important nervous system structure that governs almost all the physical and mental activities. The Central Nervous System or CNS comprises of two essential parts of our body – the brain and the spinal cord. The CNS is situated within the dorsal cavity, including the brain in cranial cavity and the spinal chord in spinal cavity. The CNS is wrapped by the meninges, that of the brain by skull and for the spinal chord it is with the spinal cavity. The brain is subdivided into prosencephalon, mesencephalon and rhombencephalon. They are commonly known as forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain respectively. Again forebrain comprises of diencephalons which in turn is subdivided into thalamus and hypothalamus.

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Word count of the original article: 2291 words

Reference List

1. Infections of the Central Nervous System. 2nd ed. Ed. W. M. Scheld, R. J. Whitley, and D. T. Durack. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven Publishers, 1997.
2. Infectious Diseases of the Central Nervous System. Ed. Kenneth L. Tyler and Joseph B. Martin. Philadelphia: F. A. Davis Co., 1993.
3. Darouiche, Rabih O., et al. "Bacterial Spinal Epidural Abscess: Review of 43 Cases and Literature Survey." Medicine 71 no. 6 (1992): 369.
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7. Activity of posaconazole in the treatment of central nervous system fungal infections by Punnee Pitisuttithum, Ricardo Negroni, John R. Graybill, Beatriz Bustamante, Peter Pappas, Stanley Chapman, Roberta S. Hare and Catherine J. Hardalo
8. http://www.drugresearcher.com/news/ng.asp?n=62300-meningitis-lta-iaga

Case conceptualization: Jesus

Sudipa Sarkar

Identifying data

Jesus is a twenty two years old Latino male who lives with her wife Daniela, 21 years old. Jesus is married for two years and they have one three years old son and they are expecting their second child in approximately within five months. He has been physically and verbally abusive to his wife. While showing aggression in some situations resulting unpleasant consequences, Jesus reports about his controlling ability over his temperament. Jesus is now working in a fast food restaurant as a cook, where he used to take 4-5 beers per day with his co-employees. Jesus reports that he is more sexually oriented when he is in good mood and it is not initiated by aggression rather by the release of tension. Jesus reports of having sleeping disorder. However, Jesus previously considered about suicidal ideation, whereas, at the time of interview he asserts he does not possess this thought any longer. Jesus also reported about having a stressful childhood memories.

Presenting Problem

The probation officer referred Jesus for therapy while he came into attention of the court on a charge of a simple assault and was sentenced to 100 hours of community service as well as 100 hours of therapy. He is having no or little social skills and has a hard time fitting in the community to behave with people in a justified manner. According to the court case against Jesus, it is described that a fifty year old woman has been battered by Jesus for acquiring the parking space which Jesus desired for some time. Moreover, Jesus is not capable of understanding the level of infringement made by him whatsoever and is trying to minimize the scenario either by inflicting the fault on the woman in question or by minimizing the consequences of the violation occurred by him. The same thing happens in his home also, where he becomes very assertive while he reports about the condition of her wife after a domestic violence, that she does not need any medication or she herself is the problem.

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Word count in original article: 1121 words

Reference List

1. Murphy, C. M., Meyer, S. L. & O’Leary, K. D. (1994). Dependency characteristics of partner assaultive men. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103, 729-735.
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Effect of Child Abuse on Infant / Toddler Development

Sudipa Sarkar




Child abuse is characterized by the physical or psychological ill-treatment of a child by an adult. It is often termed as child maltreatment or child abuse and neglect. The child abuse may include various forms such as humiliation, conveying shameful feelings, or making the child frightened. The child sexual abuse is defined as an act of sexual assault of a child or sexual activity between a child and an adult only with the intention to pressurize or exploit the child in question. The Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act describes child abuse and neglect as: “at a minimum, any recent act or failure to act on the part of a parent or caretaker, which results in death, serious physical or emotional harm, sexual abuse or exploitation, or an act or failure to act which presents an imminent risk of serious harm.” According to psycho-historical study of childhood and society the history of humanity is instituted upon child abuse. Infanticide has been a regular practice of ancient times and persists till in the present among some countries quite prevalently. In prehistoric and historic times infants were sacrificed for religious and spiritual purposes in support of conducting various inhuman rituals such as throwing into rivers, flinging onto manure heaps, exposing on hills and roadsides. There is a significant pervasiveness of child abuse considering the gender. The girls, of course, have a greater prevalence of being murdered and abandoned than that of boys. In 1741, the first orphan hospital was established by Thomas Coram just to avoid the unbearable pain of roadside children which is still quite a common issue in even most of the developed countries around the world.

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Word count for the original article: 3512 words

Reference List

1.Jim Hopper: Child Abuse: Statistics, Research, and Resources, 2006

2.C.Kelvey Richards: Child Abuse Changes "I" in More Ways than One, 2003 Second Web Paper

3.Brian Mattmiller: Study: Child abuse can alter brain development, (Apr 6, 1999)

4. Carlson, V., Cicchetti, D., Barnett, D., & Braunwald, K. (1995). Finding order in disorganization: Lessons from research on maltreated infants’ attachments to their caregivers. In D. Cicchetti & V. Carlson (Eds), Child Maltreatment: Theory and research on the causes and consequences of child abuse and neglect (pp. 135-157). NY: Cambridge University Press.

5. Cicchetti, D., Cummings, E.M., Greenberg, M.T., & Marvin, R.S. (1990). An organizational perspective on attachment beyond infancy. In M. Greenberg, D. Cicchetti, & M. Cummings (Eds), Attachment in the Preschool Years (pp. 3-50). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

6. Gauthier, L., Stollak, G., Messe, L., & Arnoff, J. (1996). Recall of childhood neglect and physical abuse as differential predictors of current psychological functioning. Child Abuse and Neglect 20, 549-559

7. Malinosky-Rummell, R. & Hansen, D.J. (1993) Long term consequences of childhood physical abuse. Psychological Bulletin 114, 68-69

8. Lyons-Ruth K. & Jacobvitz, D. (1999) Attachment disorganization: unresolved loss, relational violence and lapses in behavioral and attentional strategies. In J. Cassidy & P. Shaver (Eds.) Handbook of Attachment. (pp. 520-554). NY: Guilford Press

9. Greenberg, M. (1999). Attachment and Psychopathology in Childhood. In J. Cassidy & P. Shaver (Eds.). Handbook of Attachment (pp.469-496). NY: Guilford Press

10. Solomon, J. & George, C. (Eds.) (1999). Attachment Disorganization. NY: Guilford Press

11. Main, M. & Hesse, E. (1990) Parents’ Unresolved Traumatic Experiences are related to infant disorganized attachment status. In M.T. Greenberg, D. Ciccehetti, & E.M. Cummings (Eds), Attachment in the Preschool Years: Theory, Research, and Intervention (pp161-184). Chicago: University of Chicago Press

12. Carlson, E.A. (1988). A prospective longitudinal study of disorganized/disoriented attachment. Child Development 69, 1107-1128

13. Lyons-Ruth, K. (1996). Attachment relationships among children with aggressive behavior problems: The role of disorganized early attachment patterns. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 64, 64-73

14. Lyons-Ruth, K., Alpern, L., & Repacholi, B. (1993). Disorganized infant attachment classification and maternal psychosocial problems as predictors of hostile-aggressive behavior in the preschool classroom. Child Development 64, 572-585

15. Lloyd deMause: The History of Child Abuse, The Journal of Psychohistory 25 (3) Winter 1998

16. Lloyd deMause "On Writing Childhood History." The Journal of Psychohistory 16 (1988): 135-171.

Ageism

Sudipa Sarkar

Ageing is the inevitable natural process of life which leads one to grow with time with advancing age and mortality. The perception of ageing varies individually – for someone, it is the general age with which one identifies, for the others, the perception of age comes relatively lately. As people grow older, they experience numerous structural and functional changes both at physiological as well as psychological level, which influence significantly in the later developmental phases of their life. Few people experience the unpleasant effect of discrimination and prejudice because of their age. Ageism indicates to any event in which individuals are negatively judged not by their behaviour, personality or action but by their age. They are inaccurately portrayed as weak or inflexible. Hence, ageism implies a prejudice among the given society against the older individuals. According to Traxler (1980), ageism can be defined as any attitude or action which governs an individual or group of individuals and their roles in the society purely on the basis of their biological age. However, some older adults may not be physically or mental able and need more care, there are number of elderly people who may not be included in stereotype of helpless, mindless or passionless individuals.

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Word count for the original article: 4085 words

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Work Samles of Sudipa Sarkar

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Academic Articles

• Ageism
• Effect of Child Abuse on Infant / Toddler Development
• Case Conceptualization: Jesus
• Central Nervous System and Associated Infections
• Criminal Profile: Francisco Del Junco
• Cultural Analysis of Infant Feeding Decision in US

You may request the abstract from the followings if required, but currently I am not able to upload it due to extreme work load. Sorry for the inconvenience.

• Interplay between child's Disability, Hyperactivity and Influence in Classroom Setup
• Eastern Philosophy Letter
• Execution Should Not Be Publicized
• Exemplary communication - 1
• Exemplary communication - 2
• What, if any, has been Freud's important contributions to contemporary psychology?
• HIV-AIDS - Review
• Nursing article - leg amputation
• Adolescent victimization
• Mother-Child Attachment: A correlation between susceptibility to reactivity of infants and their corresponding rearing practices
• Critical appraisal of the contribution made by the application of advanced communication skills to the practice of Occupational Therapy
• Ordinary People, the movie: A dysfunctional family catastrophe resulting from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and survivour guilt
• The anakysis of various methods developed by physiological psychologists for investigating the structures and functions of human brain
• A critical approach in Freud's Psychodynamics
• Racial Ethnicity and Eating Disorder
• Self-assessment on personality type
• Qualitative Research Appraisal: Patient Stories of living with a pressure ulcer
• The differences between what Mr. Dennis Covington thought he would find and what he actually found concerning people who 'handled snakes'
• A critical comparison between Alfred, Lord Tennyson's 'Tears, Idle Tears' and 'Splendor Falls on Castle Walls'
• The World Is Flat: Book Review
• Physical and Social Developments of Adolescents
• Significance of Belongingness in Youngs People's Lives
• Plato's defence of the Republic King in the 'Republic'